Uruhare politiki igira ku mikino (how politics influence sports)

Ugenekereje ubusobanuro bw’ijambo imikino  bwaba ihuriro rikoresha imbaraga mvamubiri,rirushanwa,rifite amategeko n’amahame arigenga maze intego ikaba kugereranya intsinzi, hagatangazwa uwatsinze cg hagashimwa kwesa umuhigo. Stefano Pivato we yasobanuye ko imikino   ari urwunge rw’amategeko rusobanura imyiyerekano maze ikinyabupfura kikimirizwa imbere. 

                                          
                                           Intambara zivangira ruhago

Ignacio Ramonet yanditse ko football nk’umukino ukurura imbaga ushobora guteza intambara cg ukayoreka.

Mu 1948, Eric Honecker umunyamabanga w’ishyaka rya gikoministe mu budage bw’iburasirazuba (RDA) yavuze ko imikino atari uburyo gusa bwo kugera ku ntsinzi ahubwo ifasha kugera ku zindi ntego. Kuvugwa cyane mu bitangazamukuru byatumye politiki irushaho kwinjiramo.

Muri iki kiganiro rero tugiye gusesengura no kureba bimwe  mu bihe politiki yagiye yinjira mu mupira w’amaguru, batazira ruhago,kabumbu ,kandanda cg soka amwe mu mazina uyu mukino uhabwa n’imbaga nyamwinshi ku isi nzima gusa turaza  no kumama akajisho mu yindi mikino.

Twifashishije abanditsi mpuzamahanga, uduce tw’ ijambo ry’abayobozi b’ibihugu(extrait des discours) n’abahanga mu bya politiki b’abanyarwanda(politologues) n’abandi bafite aho bahuriye n’imikino kugira ngo iki kiganiro kirusheho kubanogera.

Ese ni uruhe ruhare politiki igira ku mikino.

Imikino yarakunzwe maze abareba kure basanga ari bumwe mu buryo bwo kwiyegereza imbaga. Le baron Pierre de Coubertin  we yafashe kugarura imikino olympique mu 1896 nko kumenyekanisha amahame y’ubutegetsi bwe no gukunda igihugu.  Hagati y’intambara z’isi, ibihugu n’amashyaka by’iburayi byabonye ko imikino ari kimwe mu bikurura urubyiruko nkuko Stefano Pivato yabisobanuye.

Mu ntangiriro z’1919 imikino yabaye intwaro mu bubanyi n’amahanga. Pierre na Lionel Arnaud  mu gitabo Les premiers boycottages de l’histoire du sport ngo ibihugu byakoresheje imikino mu bikorwa ndengakamere nyuma y’intambara ya mbere y’isi  berekana ikuzo ry’ibihugu maze iba inzira yo gutangirwamo ingengabitekerezo ni muri uru rwego nyuma y’intambara y’isi  hatangiye imikino ku bihugu byishyize hamwe(les Jeux Inter-Alliés) aha byari ibyatsinze maze ubudage, uburusia n’abambari babo barahezwa. Mu bufransa ho  ministere y ‘ububanyi n’amahanga niyo yari ifite ibikorwa byose by’imikino.

Imikino n’ingengabitekerezo ya fascisme mu butariani na nazisme mu budage

Ubuyobozi bw’igitugu bwa Mussolini bwinjira ku mugaragaro muri ruhago. Mu gitabo cye Ignacio Ramonet, ngo Mussolini yabonaga muri ruhago ihuriro ry’isinzi ryo gushyiraho igitutu no kuyumvisha ubunyagihugu. Ubu buyobozi bwazamuye ruhago y’ubutariani ku ruhando mpuzamahanga mu myaka y’1920-30, bubaka ibibuga nk’icyi Turin cyitiriwe Benito mussolini, cyakiraga 50,000 n’icyitiriwe ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi, Stade du Parti fasciste iki cyo cyari i Roma. Mu 1934 ubutariani bwakiriye igikombe cya 2 cy’isi maze baragitwara. Bucyeye mu kinyamakuru Messaggero hasoka inkuru igira iti ‘ ibendera ry’amabara atatu ryazamuwe ku rufatiro rw’ikibuga, abatariani babonye gukunda igihugu no gutsinda ku ruhando rw’isi uko bimera, ni mw’izina rya Mussolini  ikipe yacu yatsindiye i fiolentina, i milano n’ejo i Roma. Mu 1936 ikipe ya Milan Football Club yahinduye izina maze iba Milan Associazione Sportiva iyi ni ingaruka ya mbere ya fascisme. Maze ubwo mu 1939 ibintu byose byabaga igitariani (italianisation) noneho iba Associazione Calcio Milano.

Umwera ukwira uburayi maze Hitler na nazisme mu gitabo cye Mein Kampf  agira ati’ niba abasirikari batojwe imikino,bagakunda igihugu no gutera, aha  yagereranyaga na contre attaque cg jeu offensif  byo muri ruhago, mu myaka 2 gusa ngo haba hari ingabo z’intarumikwa. Mu 1936 ubudage bwakira imikino olympike maze  buboneraho kwerekana ingengabitekerezo yabo dore ko batari bakivuga ku ruhando mpuzamahanga. Maze Funk  mu nyandiko ze yemeza ko iyi mikino wari umwanya ubudage bwari bugize ngo bwigishe ingengabitekezo, pangermanisme. Intsinzi ku badage yabahaye icyizere kuko abenshi bari ingabo mu rugamba bateguraga. Aba  banazi kandi ngo nibo nyirabayazana kw’isenyuka rya Bayern Munichn, ngo kuko prezida,umutoza n’abayobozi abenshi bari abayahudi. Maze ihabwa akazina k’ikipe y’abayahudi. 

Ni mu ntambara y’ubutita, nyuma y’intsinzi y’abasoviet mu mikino olympiki yari yabereye i munich mu 1972 leta y’i kremlin itangaza ko intsinzi ngari ku basoviete n’abambari  babo  yerekana ko socialisme ari yo politiki yongera imbaraga kandi iva kuri roho muntu. Mu ijambo rya prezida wa Amerika Gérard Ford mu 1974  yagize ati’amerika nk’igihangange igomba no kuza imbere ku rutonde mu mikino, intsinzi mu mikino ntaho itandukaniye n’iya gisirikari. Naho ku karwa nka cuba na Fidel castro  kari mu kato k’ amerika kwitwara neza ku ruhando mpuzamahanga byari  intwaro y’ububanyi n’amahanga.

Imikino olimpiki n’igikombe cy’isi byari umwanya ku banyagitugu kwiyerekana. Nk’ Argentina y’umunyagitugu général Videla kwakira no gutwara igikombe cy’isi mu 1978 byatumye iki gihugu cyakirwa ku ruhando mpuzamahanga. Ubwo afrika y’epfo yakiraga igikombe cy’afrika mu 1996 intego yari ugushimangira kwinjira mu muryango wunze ubumwe bw’afrika. Mu mikino olympiki yaberega i Melbourne  mu 1956 ibihugu 6 byanze gukinana  bitana abanzi,hispania,ubuholandi n’ubusuwisi  byahakanye gukinana na hongiriya naho kubw’ikibazo cy’ubunigo bwa Suez, abongereza bari bijanditsemo byatumye misiri, Irak na Liban bidakina n’ubwongereza, mu 1980 mu mikino olimpiki yabereye i moscou abanyamerika banze kujyanayo ibendera ryabo stars and stripes ry’inyenyeri 50 n’imirongo 13 maze abasoviete nabo mu 1984 bahakana kujya kuririmbira indirimbo y’igihugu Guimn sovietskovo soiouza i los angeles byombi ari ukubera intambara y’ubutita. 

Ignacio Ramonet yanditse ko football nk’umukino ukurura imbaga ushobora guteza intambara cg ukayoreka. Urugero ni mu 1964 ubwo umuzamu wa perou yarekaga igitego cy’argentina kikinjira kubw’amabwiriza y’ubuyobozi bw’ibihugu byombi maze abafana kubyakira biranga 320 bakahasiga ubuzima, umukino wa salvador na honduras mu 1969 w’amajonjora y’igikombe cy’isi cyo mu 1970 wiswe  intambara y’amasaha ijana (guerre de cent heures) wasize intambara maze honduras inyagwa na salvador,iyi yatwaye ubuzima bw’abantu 2000.  

Mu nyandiko ze Jean-Marie Brohm avuga ko imikino ari ikinyabiziga ntakumirwa mu gukwirakwiza ingengabitekerezo z’abanyapolitiki.

Nyamara kandi ngo biragoye gutandukanya imikino n’abanyapolitiki, nka OBAMA na basket,politiki yise basketball diplomacy. Mu kinyamakuru L’Equipe Mag cyo kuwa 16 mutarama 2010 n’umutwe w’inkuru La dunk diplomatie ngo aha OBAMA ahamagarira abayobozi gukinira basket iyi ya tarinyota mu ngoro y’umweru (white house) cg kurebera iwe mu cyumba gihenze VIP, ruhago yo muri amerika maze akabacengezamo amatwara ye. Kubwa  David Sanger umunyamakuru wa New York Times i Washington ngo kuri prezida ntabwo ari intwaro gusa ahubwo ni n’urufunguruzo rwo guhura n’abantu no kwihuta mu iterambere. Burya umukambwe Mandela ngo umwanya munini w’ikiruhuko aba ahanze amaso ikibuga cya rugby, Kagame we uretse kuba ari umukinnyi wa tennis ni umufana ukomeye wa ruhago haba kuri arsenal ndetse no gutera inkunga cecafa y’ibihugu akaba mu 2009 yarahawe igihembo Sport movement awards Kagame, 2009.

 Mu gitabo cya Denoël, La politique par le sport yagaragajemo imyitwarire ya hitler mu mikino olimpiki I Berlin mu 1936 no mu cyiswe igikombe cy’ isi cy’abageneral muri Argentina mu 1976. Politiki y’imikino y’ubushinwa mu 1995 igira iti’ imikino ni uguharanira ubusugire no kurinda igihugu’. Henry Adefope  wari ministri w’ububanyi n’amahanga muri Nigeria ngo kuvuga ko imikino itavangwa na politiki ni ubugugu no kwikubira,ubundi yagakoreshejwe mu kwagura ububanyi n’amahanga .

Pascal Boniface muri Géopolitique du football  yanditse ko ikipe y’igihugu atari igisubizo ku ishingwa ry’igihugu gusa ahubwo ni intwaro yo kucyubaka, bityo mu 1960 senegal yakoresheje imikino mu gushimangira igihugu cyari gisubiranye ubwigenge aha niho ibihugu byasabye ishingwa rya FIFA yagombaga kwigenga nka SDN ngo kuko uretse ubutaka,abaturage n’ubuyobozi ikipe ya ruhago ari ubusobanuro bwa kane bw’igihugu ari byo bituma ikipe nka Athletico Bilbao ikinamo gusa abakinnyi bavuka mu burengerazuba bw’ibisozi bya pyrenee.

Nkuko tubikesha kandi igitabo diplomatie du ping-pong, muri mata 1971 ikipe ya ping- pong y’ amerika yakiriwe i Beijing nyamara ibi bihugu byombi nta mubano na mba bifitanye iyi itariki yinjira mu bwisanzure bw’imikino izira politiki maze prezida Nixon atangaza ko ibihugu byombi byabonye umwanya wo kwinigura no gusiba amateka mabi.

Ruhago kandi yagiye ihuza abarebanaga ay’ingwe nko mu gikombe cy’isi cyaberaga mu bufransa mu 1998 aho mu itsinda F ikipe ya leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika zahuye na Iran maze iyi itsinda abasore b’i Washington ibitego 2-1.

Hari abavuga ko kuririmba indirimbo z’ibihugu ku kibuga bidakwiye ari ukuvanga imikino na politiki.

Mu 1935 umukino wari guhuza ubwongereza n’ubudage maze leta iranga, ishyirahamwe rya ruhago FA ryandikira ubuyobozi ibaruwa igira iti’imikino ya ruhago ni ibikorwa byigenga byateguwe n’abantu bigenga bityo leta itakagombye kwijandikamo.

Ruhago intwaro ku banyapolitiki muri AFRIKA

Uruhare rw’abanyapolitiki muri ruhago kuri uyu mugabane ni ntashidikanywa.

Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’abafransa mu ntambara y’ubwigenge,ishyaka FNL(Front de libération nationale) ryashinze  ikipe yo guhurizamo imbaga maze inama bakazinoza. Muri iki gihugu kandi nyuma yaho aba berbere bashinze umutwe wa gisirikare bashyizeho ikipe ya JSK, jeunesse sportive kabyle nk’urubuga ku rubyiruko rwo kwigishwa indangagaciro mberbere.

Muri Angola ho nyuma yo gusubirana ubwigenge, hatangijwe ikipe ya premiero do augosto (1 kanama) itariki Portugal yabasubije igihugu cyabo.

Biragoye muri afrika nzima kubona igihugu kidafite ikipe ya gisirikare cg iy’igipolisi,urugero ni nka ulinzi muri kenya,FAS muri maroc,zamalek mu misiri,APR na Panthere noir mu Rwanda,polisi muri Uganda no mu Rwanda.

Zimwe mu nzobere muri politiki n’abarimu muri kaminuza zo mu Rwanda (politologue) ngo gushinga ikipe ya gisirikare biha aba kwizerwa,gusabana no kwiyegereza abantu bityo abafana bakaba batagorana mu gutanga ubufasha mu bikorwa bya politiki nko guhirika ubutegetsi, mu matora n’ibindi bikorwa bya politiki. Nyuma y’intsinzi bikomeza guha imbaraga ikipe yabo.

Mu Rwanda rw’ubu amashyirahamwe menshi ayobowe n’abasirikare cg abapolisi urugero ni Ferwafa ya general de brigade, comite olimpiki ya colonel, Ferwaba ya lieutenant naho ingororamubiri iri mu minwe ya supritendent wa polisi.

Aha hafi y’u Rwanda, Ikipe ya Vital’o mu Burundi na villa sport club muri Uganda byafatwaga nk’ikipe z’impunzi z’abanyarwanda.

Ese nta karengane kagirirwaga aya makipe kubera iyi nyito.

ERIC Nshimiyimana wakinnye muri Vital’o mu 1990-94 avuga ko abayobozi benshi wasangaga ari abanyarwanda agatanga urugero nka prezida Muramira wayiyoboye ariko kandi ngo hari n’abarundi bayikundaga ari nayo mpamvu itasenyutse ngo muri kiriya gihe vital’o yari ikomeye kuburyo ntaho wari guhera uyiba.